Description
Widely praised for its direct and concise presentation, practical orientation, and wealth of example problems, Hydrology & Hydraulic Systems presents fundamental theories and concepts balanced with excellent coverage of engineering applications and design. The Fourth Edition features a major revision of the chapter on distribution systems, as well as a new chapter on the application of remote sensing and computer modeling to hydrology.
Outstanding features of the Fourth Edition include . . .
• More than 350 illustrations and 200 tables
• More than 225 fully solved examples, both in FPS and SI units
• Fully worked-out examples of design projects with realistic data
• More than 500 end-of-chapter problems for assignment
• Discussion of statistical procedures for groundwater monitoring in accordance with the EPA’s Unified Guidance
• Detailed treatment of hydrologic field investigations and analytical procedures for data assessment, including the USGS acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) approach
• Thorough coverage of theory and design of loose-boundary channels, including the latest concept of combining the regime theory and the power function laws
Development of Water Resources / Assessment of Demand / Demand for Water Supply / Municipal Requirements / Population Forecasting / Short-Term Estimates / Long-Term Forecasting / Per Capita Water Usage / Fire Demands / Industrial Requirements / Waste Dilution Requirements / Demand for Irrigation Water / Consumptive Use of Crops / Effective Rainfall / Farm Losses / Conveyance Losses and Waste / Computation of Irrigation Demands / Demand for Hydropower / Demand for Navigation
2. Elements of the Hydrologic Cycle: Precipitation
Availability of Water / Hydrologic Cycle / Water Balance Equation / Discrepancy Term in the Water Balance Equation / Precipitation / Analysis of Point Precipitation Data / Conversion of Point Precipitation to Areal Precipitation / Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) Analysis of Point Precipitation / Depth-Area-Duration (DAD) Analysis of a Storm
3. Elements of the Hydrologic Cycle: Evaporation and Transpiration
Water Loss to the Atmosphere / Evaporation from Free-Water Bodies / Evaporation Using Pans / Evaporation by the Aerodynamic Method / Evaporation by the Energy Balance Method / Combination Method of Penman / Evapotranspiration from a Drainage Basin / Evapotranspirometers / Penman-Monteith Method / Blaney-Criddle Method
4. Elements of the Hydrologic Cycle: Runoff
Direct Runoff from Rainfall or Rain Excess / Infiltration Capacity Curve Approach / HEC’s Nonlinear Loss-Rate Function Approach for Direct Runoff / The NRCS Approach for Direct Runoff / Infiltration-Index Approach for Direct Runoff / Direct Runoff from Snowmelt
5. Theory of Groundwater Flow
Scope / Classification of Subsurface Water / Water-Bearing Formations / Fluid Potential and Hydraulic Head / Basic Equation of Groundwater Flow: Darcy’s Law / Parameters of Groundwater Movement / Parameters of Groundwater Storage / Generalization of Darcy’s Law / Steady-State Flow and Unsteady-State Flow / General Equation of Groundwater Flow / An Overview of the Groundwater Flow Equation / Unsaturated Flow and Two-Phase Flow
6. Applications and Development of Groundwater Flow
Steady-State Flow Equations / Unsteady-State Flow Equations / Unsteady-State Analysis of Confined Aquifers / Unsteady-State Analysis of Confined Aquifers: Cooper-Jacob Method / Unsteady-State Analysis of Unconfined Aquifers / Semiconfined Aquifers: The Theory of Leaky Aquifers / Wells Near Boundaries: The Theory of Images / Production Well Analysis / Well Field Design
7. Contaminant Transport and Groundwater Monitoring
Transport Processes / Mass Transport Equations / Solutions of the Mass Transport Equation / Fate of Contaminants / Aqueous Phase or Soluble Contaminants / Immiscible or Nonaqueous Phase Liquids (NAPL) / Saline Water Intrusion / Analysis of Groundwater Monitoring Data / Checking Data Fitness for Statistical Procedures / Tests for Lognormality/Normality / Testing for Statistical Independence / Checking for Equality of Variances across Well Groups / Statistical Procedures for Groundwater Monitoring / Strategies for Procedure Selection / Tolerance Interval Technique / Prediction Interval Technique / Control Charts / Confidence Interval Technique / Non-Parametric Intervals
8. Measurement of Surface Water Flow
Determination of Streamflow / Stream Gaging / Stage Measurement / Discharge Measurement / Measurement by Current Meter / Velocity Distribution in a Stream Section / Mean Vertical Velocity / Measurement of Velocity by Current Meter / Measurement of Depth (Sounding) for Current Meter Method / Air Correction for Depth for Sounding Reel Line / Wet-Line Correction for Depth for Sounding Reel Line / Computation of Discharge for Current Meter Method / Discharge Measurement by Hydroacoustic System / Basic Concepts of the ADCP / Discharge Measurement by Ultrasonic (Acoustic) Velocity Meter (UVM) / Discharge Measurement by the Electromagnetic Method / Measurements through Hydraulic Devices / Discharge Rating / Simple Stage-Discharge Relation / Determining the Stage of Zero Flow / Equation of Stage-Discharge Curve / Slope-Stage-Discharge Relation / Velocity Index-Stage-Discharge Relation / Stage versus Cross-Sectional Area Relation / Index-Velocity versus Mean Velocity / Discharge from Stage and Index-Velocity Data / Converting Stage Records into Discharge / Dissemination of Streamflow Information
9. Estimation of Surface Water Flow: Hydrograph Analysis
Runoff and Streamflow / Mechanism of Runoff Generation / Techniques of Streamflow Estimation / Hydrological Processes in Streamflow Estimation / Hydrograph Analysis for Estimation of Streamflow / Direct Runoff Hydrograph and Baseflow Hydrograph / Hydrograph Separation / Unit Hydrograph and Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph / Derivation of Unit Hydrograph / Changing the Unit Hydrograph Duration / Formulation of Synthetic Unit Hydrograph / Estimation of Streamflow from Unit Hydrograph
10. Estimation of Surface Water Flow: Streamflow Relationships
Correlation Techniques / Stationary and Homogeneous Check of Data / Precipitation-Runoff Correlation for Estimation of Streamflow / Correlation of Gaging-Station Records for Estimation of Streamflow / Synthetic Techniques / Hydrologic Time Series and Stochastic Process / Markov Process or Autoregressive (AR) Model / Autoregressive-Moving Average (ARMA) Model / Disaggregation Model / Autorun Model / Estimation of Streamflow at Ungaged Sites / Estimation Based on Drainage Area Ratio / Estimation Based on Regression Equations / The Hydraulic Geometry of Stream Channels / Variability of Streamflow
11. Computation of Extreme Flows
Computation Methods / The Concept of Probability in Hydrology / Design Flood for Hydraulic Structures / Statistical Methods / Type and Quality of Data / Methods of Flood-Frequency Analysis / Graphical Method / Empirical Method / Analytical Method / Approach to Analytical Method / Generalized Skew Coefficient / Confidence Limits and Probability Adjustments / Special Cases of Flood-Frequency Analysis / Computation of Peak Flow from Precipitation / Estimation of PMP / Development of PMS / Design Storm / Peak Snowmelt Discharge / Regionalized Flood Relations for Ungaged Sites / Flood Flow Computation by Genetic and Empirical Equations / Measurement of Peak Discharge by Indirect Methods / Computation of Low Flow / Low-Flow Frequency Analysis by the Empirical Method / Low-Flow Frequency Analysis by Analytical Method
12. Hydrodynamic Principles, Kinematics and Flow Routing
Hydrodynamic Equations of Flow / The Continuity Equation / The Energy Equation / The Momentum Equation / Applications of the Hydrodynamic Principles / Kinematic Wave Theory / Formulation of Hydrograph by the Kinematic Theory / Routing Process / Hydraulic Routing / Streamflow Routing by the Kinematic Theory / Muskingum-Cunge Kinematic Routing Method / Validity of the Kinematic Theory of Routing / Hydrologic Routing / Streamflow Routing by the Hydrologic Method: Muskingum Method / Reservoir Routing by the Hydrologic Method: The Puls Method / Hydraulic Transients
13. Hydraulic Structures
Hydraulic Structures / Flow-Measuring Structures / Orifices and Mouthpieces / Weirs and Notches / Flow over Broad-Crested Weirs / Flumes / Pipe-Flow Measuring Devices / Peak-Flow Measuring Structures / Storage Structures / Reservoir Storage Capacity / Storage Capacity of Water Supply Tanks / Reservoir Features / Dams / Flow Control Structures: Spillways / Overflow Spillways / Chute or Trough Spillways / Side-Channel Spillways / Morning Glory or Shaft Spillways
14. Conveyance Systems: Open Channel Flow
Introduction / Elements of the Channel Section / Types of Flow / State of Flow / Critical Flow Condition / Uniform Channel Flow / Channel Design / Rigid Channel Carrying Sediment-Free Water / Rigid Channel Carrying Sediment-Laden Water / Loose-Boundary Channel Carrying Sediment-Free Water / Loose-Boundary Channel Carrying Sediment-Laden Water / Gradually Varied Flow / Computation of Flow Profile / Rapidly Varied Flow / Hydraulic Jump
15. Distribution Systems
Distribution System Components / Piping System / Energy Equation of Pipe Flow / Pipe Friction Losses: Darcy-Weisbach Equation / Application of the Darcy-Weisbach Equation / Pipe Friction Losses: Hazen-Williams Equation / Summary of Friction Losses / Minor Head Losses / Single Pipelines / Single Pipelines with Pumps / Pipes in Series / Pipes in Parallel / Branching Pipes / Pipes Network / Pipe Network Design / A Network Design Project / Hydraulic Transients in Pipes / Storage Tanks / Capacity of Storage Tanks / Hydraulics of Storage Tanks / Pumps / Pump Classification: Specific Speed / Relations for Geometrically Similar Pumps / Relations for Alterations in the Same Pump / Head Terms in Pumping / System Head Curve / Pump Characteristic Curves / Single Pump and Pipeline System / Multiple Pump System / Pumps in Series / Pumps in Parallel / Limit on Pump Location
16. Urban Drainage Systems
Types of Drainage Systems / Layout of an Urban Drainage System / Design of a Sanitary Sewer System / Quantity of Wastewater / Friction Coefficient for Sanitary Sewers / Design Procedure for Sanitary Sewers / A Sanitary Sewer Project / Design of a Storm Sewer System / Quantity of Stormwater / Rational Method / Application of the Rational Method / The NRCS (SCS) TR-55 Method / A Storm Sewer Design Project / Detention Basin Storage Capacity
17. Other Drainage Systems
Agricultural Drainage Systems / Surface Drainage for Agricultural Land / Subsurface Drainage for Agricultural Land / Depth and Spacing of Drains / Roadway Drainage Systems / Longitudinal Drainage Systems / Cross-Drainage Systems: Culverts / Airport Drainage Systems
18. Remote Sensing and Computer Modeling in Hydrology
Remote Sensing / Principles of Remote Sensing / Components of Remote Sensing / Integration of Remote Sensing with GIS / Remote Sensing of Hydrologic Elements / Remote-Sensing Applications to Hydrology / Computer Models for Hydrology / Computer Models of Watershed Hydrology / Statistical Models / Hydraulic Models / Reservoir Planning and Analysis Models / Coastal Models / Flood Flow Models / Drainage Models / Coupling of Hydrological Models and GIS
Appendix A: Length, Area, Volume, and Other Equivalents
Appendix B: Other Useful Conversion Factors
Appendix C: Physical Properties of Water
Appendix D: Physical Properties of Air
Appendix E: Values of the Error Function
Appendix F: Coefficients an-i + 1 for the Shapiro-Wilk Test of Normality
Appendix G: Cumulative Student t Distribution
Appendix H: Cumulative F Distribution
Appendix I: Coefficients for Calculating Normal Distribution
Appendix J: Values of H? = H0.05 and H1 – ? = H0.95
Answers to Selected Problems
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