Lutz, Learning and Memory, 2/E

“Finally, a text that covers the fundamentals of learning theory in thirteen well-chosen chapters, suitable for a one-semester course, and at a remarkably low price.” — Don Gonella, Paine College

“Readable and comprehensive. I am seriously considering it for adoption in my course.” — Stephen Pulos, Rochester Institute of Technology

2. Habituation and Sensitization: Two Simple Forms of Learning
What Is Habituation? / What Is Sensitization? / Habituation and Sensitization vs. Other Forms of Learning / Neural Basis of Habituation and Sensitization

3. Classical Conditioning
Pavlov’s Experiments / Extinction (or How Do I Get This Dog to Stop Slobbering? / What Can Be Conditioned? / Can Fears Be Extinguished?) / How Can We Tell that Conditioning Has Occurred? / Control Groups / What Influences Classical Conditioning? / Intensity of the US / Duration of the US / Intensity and Duration of the CS / CS–US Interval / Intertrial Interval / Practice / Schedules / Novelty of the CS and US / Similarity of the CS and US / Instructions / Section Review / What Is Being Learned? / Higher-Order Conditioning / Sensory Preconditioning / Configural Learning / What Causes Learning? / The Rescorla-Wagner Formula / Classical Conditioning and the Nervous System / How to Analyze Examples

4. Operant Conditioning
Thorndike’s Experiments / How Many Ways Can You Reinforce? Four Paradigms / Shaping / Positive Reinforcement / How Can You Tell It’s Been Done? Rates and Other Measures / How Can You Do It? / Reinforcement as an Independent Variable / The Modification and Management of Behavior

5. Punishment and Negative Reinforcement
Punishment / Measuring Punishment / Independent Variables Influencing Punishment / Should I Punish? Skinner’s Objections / What Makes Punishment Work? / Negative Reinforcement / Why Is Avoidance So Complex? / Theories of Avoidance / Two-Factor Theory / Contingency Theory / Species-Specific Defensive Reaction Theory / Learned Helplessness

6. Theories of Reinforcement
What Is Being Learned in Operant Conditioning? / Why Does Reinforcement Work? / Drive-Reduction Theories / Secondary Reinforcement / Responding as Reinforcement

7. Generalization and Discrimination
Generalization / Control Procedures in Generalization Studies / Independent Variables that Influence Generalization / What Causes Generalization? / Discrimination / How to Analyze Generalization and Discrimination Problems

8. A Comparison of Classical and Operant Conditioning
Similarities among the Forms of Learning / Differences between Classical and Operant Conditioning / Procedural Differences / Systemic Differences / Operant Conditioning of the Autonomic Nervous System / Interactions of Classical and Operant Conditioning / How to Recognize Classical or Operant Conditioning

9. The Context of Learning
The Traditional Model of Learning / The Misbehavior of Organisms / Taste Aversion Learning / The Preparedness Dimension / Animal Cognition / Do Humans Have Instincts?

10. Verbal Learning: The Study of Transfer and Memory
Ebbinghaus and the Serial Anticipation Method / Interference versus Decay / Paired-Associates Learning / Positive and Negative Transfer / Incidental Learning / Concept Learning

11. Information-Processing Models of Memory
The Stage Model of Memory / The Sensory Register / Pattern Recognition / Short-Term Memory (STM, or Working Memory) / Coding in STM / Capacity of STM / How Many Parts Does STM Have? / STM, Consciousness, and Attention / Long-Term Memory (LTM) / Duration of LTM / Organization and Long-Term Memory

12. Knowledge Representation in Permanent Memory
Episodic vs. Semantic Memory / Hierarchical Organization / Concept Structure / Concepts as Categories / Spreading Activation and Semantic Priming / Is Memory Reconstructive? Script and Schema Theories / Feature Comparison Models

13. Processing and Remembering
Levels of Processing / Implicit Memory / Encoding and Control Processes / Rote Rehearsal / Organization / Chunking / Imagery / Elaboration / Which Memory Model Is Correct?

Epilogue
Glossary